Introduction to the Genre Ontology
Abstract
The CWRC Genre Ontology was developed by the Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory (cwrc.ca) to identify genres associated with various forms of cultural production, particularly literary production. It is designed to enable both the classification of specific items and to enable discussions of genres as concepts.
1. Introduction
This is a linked data representation of the genre vocabulary of the Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory (CWRC). The genre vocabulary of the Orlando Project has been substantially extended to reflect more fully the vocabularies of other projects, as well as aspects of materiality and form. It has three major groups of terms associated with medium, form, and genre. Although form and genre can bleed into one another, we concieve of form in relation to material characteristics, and genre in terms of content, style, or purpose. It includes literary genres associated with the literary tradition in English, broadly conceived, as well as related genres that often interact with literature or that are frequently subjected to literary analysis. We welcome suggestions of additions and improvements from related projects wishing to use the vocabulary.
2. Background
Genre, Carolyn R. Miller contends in an influential article, does not inhere in “substance or form of discourse” but must rather be conceived of in terms of situationally-specific rhetorical action, although her definition is more complicated than this brief articulation would suggest, since she argues that “action encompasses both substance and form” (151,152).
Two primary types of action are associated with genre. Miller addresses how particular speech acts or instances of discourse, that is, texts in a broad sense, come themselves to embody generic features; these, she argues, emerge from rhetorical situations which are social constructs by which private intentions are translated into socially recognizable and interpretable discursive acts (Miller 1984). But there is also the act of applying a generic label to a text, another kind of discursive act that operates in a wide range of contexts for different purposes. Generic categorization is foundational to a wide range of disciplines, and most of all to literary and cultural studies, in which generic categorization organizes both primary and secondary materials, defines specializations and literary movements, and plays a major role in the organization and articulation of literary theory, criticism, and history. As a major feature of library classification systems, genre labeling serves research across the disciplines. It organizes bookstores and publishers’ lists, and is used by readers to share and discuss their tastes in texts.
Within these wide-ranging contexts, methods of categorizing specific texts by genre fall into a spectrum ranging from the application by professional cataloguers of tightly controlled authoritative vocabularies produced by “trusted sources” (Harper), though to entirely folksonomic categories devised ad hoc by users of online systems--what Clay Shirky has described as “a radical break with previous categorization strategies, rather than an extension of them.” Numerous studies have indicated that while the terms deployed in these various contexts may overlap, they are not consistently applied (Lester; Lu; Rolla).
This is the understanding of genre that informs this ontology. It does not claim to have arrived at a definitive taxonomy of literary forms, and considers such a taxonomy to be impossible. Rather, it represents a pragmatic approach to media, form, and genre, very broadly conceived. Its particular emphasis on literary genre emerges from a scholary history of women's writing. The creators recognize that other languages and approaches will emerge from other contexts, and hope the structure will prove flexible and extensible enough to server other types of projects. In a Linked Open Data (LOD) environment, various approaches to genre will necessarily intersect, collide, and otherwise interact. We welcome the prospect of ongoing expansion, revision, and linking of this ontology to other vocabularies, as the Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory continues to grow in conversation with the LOD community.
3. Data sources
The genre instances within this ontology are based on the intersection of the genres originally listed by the Orlando Project with the metadata schema and additional terms required by other projects hosted by the Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory.
Definitions of the genres used have been adopted, adapted, or created so as to provide guidance in the application of the terms. Where possible, these were adapted from the linked open data sets of DBpedia/Wikipedia, the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus, or from the Literary Terms and Definitions webpage of Dr. L. Kip Wheeler. The indebtedness of the description is indicated using the provenance ontology, inline html citations, and within <rdfs:comment> tags, depending on the degree of alignment with the original definition. That said, these definitions can only act as imperfect guides to an understanding of a particular genre, given the complex and situated operation of genre outlined above.
4. Structure
Some approaches to genre make each term a class that can be applied to an object, whereas others provide instances for each genre. In order to facilitate the ability both to apply terms to particular cultural productions and enable them to be discussed as concepts, genres within the CWRC Genre ontology are instances rather than classes, and are related to particular cultural works through the property.
Because it is useful for a number of purposes to be able to move between broader genres and more specific ones, the ontology organizes its terms through a combination of OWL classes that provide broad groupings and SKOS taxonomical relations amongst instances. The OWL classes provide the ability to reason from narrower to broader terms, while the SKOS properties provide more limited transitive narrower/broader relationships between the instances themselves that can be used to search for relevant works according to those taxonimicaL relationships amongst instances. One distinctive feature of the ontology is its use of adjectives, as in the class 'Philosophical Genre' and the instance 'detective' to denote types of cultural objects. The classe group multiple genres that fall under that category, while the instance terms can be employed in conjunction with genres that relate more to form, such as 'poem' or 'novel', so as to denote, for instance, 'detective novel'.
The overall structure of the classses is shown here (image produced by WebVOWL)
5. Using this ontology
This ontology was constructed to support the efforts of the CWRC project while enabling its stand-alone use by outside projects. Terms exist as typed instances of either the <Medium>, <Form Genre>, or <Genre> classes or one of their subclasses. Instances can be accessed directly, via the OWL classes relations, or through the built-in SKOS taxonomical properties. The property <genre:hasGenre> with no <rdfs:domain> permits the easy assignment of a genre to a work without committing to a specific type of creative work.
This ontology can be paired with the CWRC ontology or used independently. The CWRC team welcomes suggestions for additions to and refinement of this Genre ontology via its code repository.
6. Translations of definitions
- Definitions in French, English (and other serendipitously available languages) are never word for word translations and are definitions in their own right, serving to illustrate further the complexity of genre.
7. Future Development
The basic structure of this ontology should be considered stable. Like other CWRC ontologies, this is a living ontology to which changes will be made as new needs and use-cases arise. The ontology will continue to be developed as new projects require additional terms, as it is crosswalked more thoroughly with other vocabularies, and as the CWRC team and related projects explore the implications of a multilingual ontology dedicated to medium, form, and genre. Feedback and suggestions are welcome.
8. Version History
- 0.1 - Ontology separated off from main cwrc ontology.
- 0.2 - Definitions and translations added.
- 0.3 - Deprecating of all genre instances and new uris, and instances being typed as Literary Genre.
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